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Ashur and Ashurayeh (Athurayeh)

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Ashur and Ashurayeh (Athurayeh)

Feb-27-2001 at 05:25 AM (UTC+3 Nineveh, Assyria)

History is a science that crucially depends on the study and analysis of past events with objectivity and impartiality. It is the chain that links the ancestors to their descendants and reveals the intact truth about the "Why" and the " How". Historians die but successors come to continue writing this never dying saga. With the Assyrians However, the game has not been fair. Many historians have identified Assyria (land of Ashur) as an ancient empire, vanquished with its inhabitants in 612 BC. "The Assyrians disappeared almost as completely as the lost tribes" <1>. This statement seems to be generalized in almost every history book or Encyclopedia that, furthermore, describe the fall of Assyria as a mysterious desertion. It has been said: "History is written by the victors" and this what really happened with the Assyrians. They have been forgotten for more than 2,500 years and their Assyrian name has only been mentioned in books dealing with ancient eras. Historians also recognized the Assyrian people as brutal & wicked. Many books don't even bother to mention a single detail about that great civilization but they concentrate on bloodshed just to make their stories more appealing. Will Durant, a historian who wrote a lot about Assyria & Assyrians says: " Civilization is a stream with banks. The stream is sometimes filled with blood from people killing, stealing, shouting and doing the things historians usually record, while on the banks, unnoticed, people build homes, make love, raise children, sing songs, write poetry and even whittle statues. The story of civilization is the story of what happened on the banks. Historians are pessimists because they ignore the banks for the river".

Assyrians or Ashurayeh, as their name indicates, are the followers of Assur or Ashur. Actually, Assyria is a Greek connotation of the word "Ashur". It can be written as Assyrios or Syrios (Syros) due to the dropping of the first syllable, a variation in Greek writing that is adopted from corresponding verified variations in Imperial Aramaic spellings <9>. Using the Greek word "Surayeh" (derived from Syrios/Syros) for "Ashurayeh or Athurayeh" is similar to using the Arabic word "Ashouriyeen" for the same significance.

Furthermore, the expansion of Assyria by the end of the 8th century BC covered the entire Levant. At that time, Aramaic language sneaked in and Assyrians started using it besides their original Akkadian language, which kept hold of its position as the language of the ruling elite and was still used for inscription purposes. In Imperial Aramaic, the word "Athur" was used to refer to "Assyria" <9>. Thus, this gave birth to what is known today as "Atour". This is not a coincidence since the usage of the letters 'T' and 'Th' is a trademark of an absolute assimilation between accents of diverse Assyrian tribes. For instance, saying "Tilon" or "Thilon" eventually leads to the same meaning, that is "they came". This is also the reason why, in today's Iraq, an Assyrian (Atouraya) is often recognized as "Athouri".

Ashur or Assur is the national god of Assyria, its religious capital, and Assyria itself. To begin with, Ashur, as a god, was initially regarded as a local deity of the city that held his name. From about 1800 BC onward, there have been probable strong propensities to associate him with the Sumerian "Enlil" (Akkadian: Bel). Conversely, during his era, the Assyrian king Sargon II (721-705 BC) was keen to correlate him with Anshar, the father of "An" (Akkadian: Anu) in the myth of creation <4>. In GENESIS 10: 1-22 on the other hand, Ashur is illustrated as being one of the sons of Shem, who, in turn, is the son of Noah who had two other sons, Ham and Japheth <8>.

During Sennacherib's rule and due to the political tussle between Babylonia and Assyria, intentional attempts were made to relocate Marduk's archaic achievements to Ashur. Besides his religious position, Ashur always embodied Assyria's political identity and ambitions. Assyrians believed that the rule over Assyria was granted from him, and that he supported them in their battles against the villains <4>.

As the religious capital however, Ashur (modern Qal'at Sharqat) was first among the successive Assyrian capitals. It was colonized for the first time in 2500 BC. Located on the western bank of Tigris, Ashur played a substantial role in being the hub for the adulation of the god Ashur and the goddess Ishtar/Inanna. This boosted its credit in enjoying prolonged reign as an Assyrian capital despite its weak strategic site, unlike its peers. Around 880 BC, Calah (Nimrud) became the new capital but Ashur preserved its vitality as a religious center <5>. Encompassing walls, 2.5 miles in length, guarded the inner city while the Tigris River washed its eastern borders, along which the Assyrian king Adad-nirari I ( 1295-1264 BC) put up colossal docks for the first time. On the other hand, a high escarpment and an arm of the river supplied its northern rim with natural defenses that were enhanced by structured walls and a semicircular tower of rusticated stonework, built by Sennacherib (704-681) and, in that time, known as "mushlalu". Besides, the southern and western frontiers were protected as well by a strong fortification scheme. Although less than one-third of them was discovered, 34 temples exisisted in Ashur. Some of the few discovered ones were identified as being those of Ashur-Enlil, Anu-Adad, Sin-Shamash, Ishtar/Inanna and Nabu. Additionally, 3 palaces were identified. Shamshi-Adad I (1813-1781 BC) was associated with the oldest of those. Family vaults were abundant underneath the floors of private houses. Also, the Assyrian law that respected land possession and other property rights had further phases concerning women, discovered on series of tablets assembled between 1450 and 1250 BC <4>.

As a country, the heartland of Assyria was very small. On the whole, it extended along the Middle Tigris River. Its northern cutting edge was bounded by northern modern Mosul (near Nineveh), while broadening southward toward a range of hills called Jebel Makhul and Jebel Hamrin (west & east of Tigris respectively). Assyria is, in fact, split in half by the Tigris. The wide Jazira plain, which stretches westward as far as the Habur River, bounds the west of the Tigris with its northern mountain range, Jebel Sinjar. To the east, two major streams, the Great (Upper) Zab and the Lesser (lower) Zab Rivers, feed the Tigris within the Assyrian heartland. These streams ascend in mountain arrays, forming a rough quarter-circle east and north of Assyria. Thus, unlike the existence of a single plain in the west, the east is ripped into three sectors, one of which is the plain between the Great Zab and the northern mountains. The center of Erbil, which lies between the two Zabs, represents the second sector. South to the lesser Zab (as far as Jebel Hamrin) however, represents the third sector. Hence, the formation of the first sector added importance to Nineveh, the last and most famous Assyrian capital <3>.

Nineveh, or ancient Ninua, was primarily inhabited in 6000 BC. In 705 BC, King Sennacherib established it as the new Assyrian capital and, in which, built the largest palace of its time, which was 42,000 km large with at least 80 rooms. Also, around 650 BC, King Ashurbanipal founded in Nineveh his large and eminent library. This growth lasted until its destruction with the fall of Assyria in 612 BC <2>.

Assyrians or Ashurayeh are the followers of Ashur, the national god, and the inhabitants of Assyria (Northern Mesopotamia- Mesos Potamos - The land between the rivers). Thus, Ashurayeh are northern Mesopotamian and not Mesopotamian as some people think or argue. This entails that the ancestral homeland of the Ashurayeh is Ashur & not the whole Bet-Nahrin ( Mesos Potamos).

The early Assyrian history is, somehow, enfolded with ambiguities. However, it seems that the first attempt to establish an independent Assyrian realm in the north was conducted by Shamshi-Adad I, early in the 1800 BC. This attempt appears to have been rapidly quelled by Hammurabi of Babylon who reinstated the traditional pre-eminence of the south over Assyria. Afterwards, the Assyrians would wait another four hundred years to realize their dream of an independent statehood. This would come in the turmoil of the Amarna period. During the second half of the 1400 BC, the south had become weak under the foreign Kassite dynasty. The Hittites who were pressing forward into Syria, disturbed the Mitanni kingdom, and Egypt, the ally of the Mitannian kings, was engrossed by internal problems due to the Akhenaten's religious revolt. All those events helped the Assyrian rulers, who were succeeding one another in Assur (Ashur), gradually and silently found an independent homeland. Thus, power was now transferred from the south to the north <2>. This minor kingdom would one day become one of the greatest empires the world would recognize. With it, the Assyrian art would be widely launched. This immergence reached its foremost climax with the Assyrian king Tighlath-Pileser III, known as "Pul" from the bible. This notable king was the founder of the greatest Assyrian empire. It was extended to a huge area covering, besides the Tigris and Euphrates valleys, the Persian Gulf and the red sea in the south, the Caspian and Black Seas in the north, parts of Egypt, modern Turkey, Persia, and the lands of the Armenians, Canaanites, Israelites and Phoenicians <1>.

What is the relation between the Assyrians, Chladeans, and Arameans?
To determine such a relation, an indispensable action would be studying the history of those people, in a way to analyze their roots, thus establishing a certain link, If it exists. As a hypothesis however, it is a controversial issue. Of course, this relation should not be understood as the original bound between all nations. In other words, going back to the immergence of the human race, all human beings can be easily considered brothers and sisters since they all descend from mutual parents. In the table of nations for instance, Noah had three sons: Shem, Ham and Japheth who themselves had sons after the flood. The Japhethites or sons of Japheth were named Gomer, Masog, Madai, Javan, Tubal, Meshech and Tiras. The Hamites or sons of Ham were named Cush, Mizraim, Sabath, Raamah and Sabteca. The Semites or sons of Shem were named Elam, Ashur, Arphaxad, Lud and Aram <8>. This entails that if Assyrians (Ashurayeh) and Arameans are brothers, since Ashur and Aram are brothers, then, by the same token, Assyrians and Elamites are brothers as well. This would be too general and the analysis would stop here. Thus, to determine the relation with the Assyrians, the historical background of both, Chaldeans and Arameans will be illustrated and, in turn, compared to the Assyrian milieu.

The Chaldeans were a group of Semitic people who spoke Aramaic-associated languages. They migrated to Babylonia from the west between 1100 and 875 BC. During the 700's BC, Chaldean kings governed Babylonia at various times <10>. In 721 BC for instance, the Chaldean Marduk-apla-iddina II (the biblical Merodach-baladan), Bit-Yakin's ruler, apprehended the Babylonian throne and held it until 710 BC in spite of Assyrian defiance. He eventually fled, and Bit-Yakin was set under Assyrian supremacy <4>. In 626 BC, Nabopolassar, a ruler of Chaldea (the southern part of Babylonia), became king of Babylonia, and then established the new Babylonian empire in 612 BC, after allying with nearby Media and Scythia to conquer Assyria. "This empire has been called the Chaldean Empire because Nabopolassar had ruled Chaldea" <10>. The whole new Babylonian period was of immense turbulence since there were always loyal-to-Assyrians cities and, furthermore, Babylonian command was recurrently evaluated by philo-Assyrians. This discord would shorten the life of such dynasty of only five consecutive kings. In 555 BC, king Nabonidus, who was loyal to the Assyrians, prioritized the Assyrian Moon-god Sin on the expense of Marduk, the principal god of Babylon. This act infuriated the priests and those faithful to Babylon. Thus, they welcomed Cyrus, the Conqueror of Persia into their city. Consequently, the Persian king invaded Babylon in 539 BC and transferred the center of the Middle East to his capital, Susa <6>.

On the other hand, many authors used the term "Chaldean" to designate the priests and other educated individuals in the classical Babylonian literature, especially in astrology and astronomy <4>.

As for the Arameans, they are described in many ancient Assyrian texts as " Bedouins from the desert" who, in times of disorder, infiltrated into the lands of Syria. Actually, they were forbidden to enter northern Mesopotamia by consecutive Assyrian kings. Like the Amorites before them, the Arameans accepted the established structures of native ethnicity while they moved from one area to another, and consequently, the Assyrians included them among the Hittites who lived in northern Syria. In 1000 BC, many Aramean and Hittite rulers promoted Assyrian art and wished to imitate the royal setting of the Assyrian kings. As a result, they enclosed palaces with guardian lions, winged bulls and monsters. After the battle of Karkar in 853 BC, led by Shalmanesser III against a coalition headed by the Aramean Adadidri and Ahab of Israel, the Assyrian superiority in the Levant was ascertained. During that whole period, many Aramaic and Hittite rulers were taken to Assyria. This offered them the chance to get more acquainted with Assyrian art and, thus, unfolded a new horizon for the north Syrian art. To commemorate this new immergence for instance, Kapara of Guzana (Tell Halaf) and Kilamuva of Sam'al (Zinjirli) presented the edifice of their palaces with the following phrase: " What my fathers did not accomplish, I did achieve". So the motivation of the Assyrian examples made way for the north Syrian art to occur and prosper <2>.

On the other hand, Guy Rachet, a scholar, describes the tribal background of the Arameans. He explains that they should not be considered as a civilization because they were small tribes traveling from one place to another. He goes on stating that they even should not be strictly related to "Aram", son of Shem, son of Noah, and that most likely have Hittite origins <7>. This negation of the Arameans-Aram relation seems to be proven with the definition of the term "Aramean" by the Encyclopedia Britannica. It asserts that the Aramean tribes occupied Aram, a large region in northern Syria, between the 11th and 8th century BC <4>.

Hence, it is palpable that the Assyrian regime regarded both, Chaldeans and Arameans as foreigners from the land of Ashur. This led to conflicting years between Assyria, on one side, and the Chaldean and Aramean tribes, on the other. During successive kingships, the Assyrians tried to ban those groups from infiltrating into their territories and, moreover, stood firmly against any of their possible attempts to self expand into northern Mesopotamia (Bet-Nahrin). Apparently, they did not always thrive in doing so. This resulted, for instance, to the confiscation of Babylon by the Chaldean Merodach-baladan from 721 to 710 BC. Such acts periodically ended up with an Assyrian offensive response to restore the temporary occupied provinces and the escapism of the attempters. Therefore, The depicted liaison between Assyrians, Chaldeans and Arameans of antiquity can be best described as one of brawl and mutual antipathy.

The fall of Nineveh in 612 BC put an end to the political influence of Assyria over the Middle East region. On the other hand, it boosted the Assyrian art by spreading it in diverse directions. Opposite to what many historians believed, the Assyrians did not perish with their empire. They were scattered into different neighboring lands and became ruled after they had been the might rulers of the entire Levant. This did not curb their heritage from flowing into new streams. In a book for Julian Reade, entitled "Assyrian Sculpture", the author states: "Eventually political control passed through warfare first to Babylon and then to Persia, but these subsequent states inherited a world that was largely the creation of Assyrian arms, and they seem to have used Assyrian administrative techniques to hold it together. While the Assyrian palace sculptures had no immediate direct successors, Assyrian artistic traditions had been widely disseminated in other ways, partly perhaps through small decorated objects and textiles that have perished, partly through painted provincial palaces such as the one at Til-Barsip in Syria. The Medes of eighth and seventh-century Iran must have been familiar with such things, and so, through the Medes, were the Persians. We see, without surprise, reminiscences of Assyrian work on the walls of Persepolis and Susa" <11, p. 33>. Once again, this proves that the people, exterminated by many historians' claims, have always been "The people who never die".


References:

1. Who's Who in the Bible, Peter Calvocoressi, Penguin Books, England, first published 1988, reprinted with minor revisions 1990.

2. The Art and Architecture of the Ancient Orient, Henri Frankfort, Yale university Press, Pelican history of art, 1996.

3. The might that was Assyria, Henry Saggs, Library of Congress, 1984.

4. Encyclopedia Britannica.

5. Encyclopedia of the Orient, Tore Kjeilen.

6. Ancient and Lost Civilizations, Crystalinks main page.

7. Dictionnaire des civilisations de l'Orient ancien, Guy Rachet, Paris : Larousse, 1999.

8. The Holy Bible - Old Testament.

9. A presentation on "Assyrians after Assyria", Dr. Simo Parpola, (MELAMMU project, University of Helsinki), Los Angeles, September 4, 1999.

10. "Chaldea," Discovery Channel School, original content provided by World Book Online, John A. Brinkman.

11. Assyrian Sculpture, Julian Reade, British Museum press, London, first published 1983, second edition 1998.

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1. *(ASHURIANS) ASHURAYEH IN HISTORY

Oct-05-2001 at 10:48 AM (UTC+3 Nineveh, Assyria)

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Last edited by Albert Alnasser on Dec-11-2001 at 01:13 PM (CT)

It is about the time to correct our history.
----------------------------------------------

*(ASHURIANS) ASHURAYEH IN HISTORY

Logical analysis


Only based on logical analysis the Archaeological discoveries become unbeatable facts. Only through that we shall find the hidden truth about our history.

What does " Ashuria" represent?

It represents the whole land which called by ancient Greeks "Mesopotamia" which represents the whole Iraq of today,(Not only north of Iraq as many think and argue!!), plus "Dilmon" Bahrain of today, besides "Qatar" Qatar of today, up to Lebanon including syria and jordan,also south of Anatolia "Hikkary" and north west of Persia "Urmee". That was the natural land of Ashuria dwelled by only Ashurayeh whom ancient Greeks called them "Assyrians" and their land "Assyria". Unfortunately we (Ashurians) Ashurayeh people so much influenced and attracted to use our national name stated in Latin or English language. We should stop abusing our national name. We, who should state our name in Ashurian language and let others to call us accordingly, Eventually, we are ASHURAYEH not Assyrians! If we want to say it in English let it be ASHURIANS.

"Ashuria" Land of Ashur was dwelled and ruled only by Ashurian citizens.

All rulers and cities within "Ashuria" Land of Ashur which represented by such as Sumer,Ur, Akkad, Aram (Aramaic), Amorite, Babylonian, chaldean,Elam and Phoenician, those detailed names actually were Ashurians.(1)"There was no such race, neither such a language. For the so-called Sumerian is only the southern dialect of the SAMARRAYI, or the Semites, that is, the real Assyrians".(2)"Neither was there ever a nation of Chaldeans. Akkadians.." .

Logically speaking there is no such thing as chaldeans as a nation.

Please read the undermentioned Biblical paragraphs, and think about the comparison between the titles, why chaldean name was brought among those titles, and why in importance the chaldean title always mentioned the last one.

(3A)Bible/ Daniel 2:2 " Then the king commanded to call the magicians, and the astrologers, and the sorcerers, and the chaldeans, for to shew the king his dreams...".

(3B)Bible: Daniel 2:10 ">...therefore there is no king, lord,nor ruler, that asked such things at any magician, or astrologer, or chaldean.".

(3)"chaldeans were speaking an local dialect derived from Aramaic"in this case they were speaking Ashurian language(4)...an Assyrian dialect called aramaic".
(4A)"The Amorites were not different than the Assyrians; they were merely mountain Assyrians, for the word AMA-RAYI means Shepherd People". (5)"The Elamites were simply eastern Assyrians. The name in Assyrian is derived from EL-AM; that is, People of God."
None of western researchers/Archaeologists stated the reality of them, and never declared the Ashurian identity of those names, but it was stated in other ways like the one mentioned about "Nabonidus" calling Ashurian kings his "royal forefathers"!.

We can easily target contradictions in the following statement, when we know there was no Babylonian language, but it was Babylonian(Aramaic) dialect of the Ashurian language.(6)"In other words, the Empire was each time reborn under a new leadership, with political power shifting from one nation to another...The language of the ruling elite changed, of course first from Assyrian to Babylonian". ?Babylon never been separated land ruled by other nations while Ashuria existed. There wasn't Babylonian language!! It was Babylonian dialect of Ashurian language,(7)"an Assyrian dialect, called Aramaic".(8)"in the real and authentic history of Assyria, there was no such nation as Babylonia, for Babylon was a mere city and district of Assyria".
Babylon was an Ashurian territory, it was dwelled and ruled by Ashurian people, and all rulers of Babylon were Ashurians appointed by the Ashurian kings. Historical evidences stated that 'Nabonidus" ruler of Babylon was an Ashurian from city "Harran" the Ashurian military western metropolis and(9)"his mother was Ashurian "priest" in Harran who had connections with the Ashurian Royal family". The Royal family wont appoints strangers to such super-political positions!! Therefore it is so understandable why:(10)"The Babylonian king(Nabonidus), who reigned sixty years after the fall of Nineveh and actually originated from an Assyrian city,Harran,refers to Ashurbanipal and Esarhaddon as his "royal forefathers."
Who else should call Ashurbanipal and Esarhaddon as his "Royal forefathers"?? Unless he is Ashurian!! And as long as "Nabonidus" said that, what might we think about the national identity of "Babylonians"??. Besides, mentioning the fall of Nineveh should never meant the fall of Ashuria Empire, because the so mistakenly called "the chaldeans" after changing the Ashurian north capitol city to Babylon(south),such change was the continuity of the Ashurian Empire itself.(10A)"Actually, in the final analysis, it had never been destroyed at all but had just
changed ownership: first to Babylonian...".

Keeping saying Babylon and Babylonians as if we are paying more attention to places/locations and areas but forgetting the race of the people and their nationality. Why historians totally ignored the Ashurian race and national identity of people in Babylon? We should look to "Babylonians" as that name related to a location/city, but it had a race and a nationality, which was Ashurian.

The truth is there; what "Nabonidus" stated is our guide, we just need to use the logic to furnish what is beyond. We should never expect that an enemy or stranger might call Ashurians as his forefathers!!

The only strangers in Ashuria were the Jews whom they had been brought to Nineveh city and Babylon city by Ashurian kings "king Sargon ll" and "Nabochudnasser" and we never had read in the history that they had ruled our historical cities or had formed any kind of political power in Ashuria. Showing Babylon as a capitol city didn't mean Babylon was separately ruled out of Ashuria. Some references use to state the title of "Land of Babylon and Land of Assyria" are in a big mistake!!

Phoenicians

Historians mentioned that Phoenicians were enemies of Ashurians!! And in the same time they stated that(11)"The chief of staffs of the Ashurian military named "Rab-omur" was Phoenician during the Queen Shamoramat(Samiramis) period".Isn't the second part of "Rab-omur" nearly looks like the third part of an Ashurian name "Pan-Ashur-lumur"? (12)"Pan-Ashur-lumur was the secretary of the crown prince Cambyses under Cyrus II in 530 BC."So, can anyone imagine the most powerful military position, like chief of staffs might be given to an enemy?! Could anyone believe that the Ashurian Queen with her political and administrative cabinet of that huge military experience which ruled the world for 500 years might appointed an enemy for such super-military position!! This was meant that Phoenicians were Ashurians no more no less.(13)"The sea-faring Assyrian colonists, the purple Dressed Merchants of ATUR called Sidunnu, the fishermen whom the Greeks called Phoenicians, from the color of their dress, were no different than the Assyrians of Babylon. Neither the Etruscans, who colonized Italy and civilized the Latins by teaching them the arts of shipbuilding, lumber industry, navigation, masonry, and the art of building".
(14)"The country of the Assyrians borders on Persis and Susiana. This name is given to Babylonia and to much of the country all around...and those people whom in a special sense of the term are called by the men of today Syrians (Syria), who extend as far as the Cilicians and the Phoenicians.

Aramaic

The following is stated about Aramaic:

(15)"The Assyrian Empire extended beyond the Euphrates already in the 12th century BC and from that point on Arameans constituted the majority of its population. In the 9th century BC,Assyrian kings initiated an active policy of assimilation and integration, the goal of which was to put a definite end to the endless revolts that had vexed the Empire in the past. and, above all, the imposition of a single universal language and script, Aramaic".

Lets pay attention to "put a definite end to the endless revolts that had vexed the Empire in the past. And, above all, the imposition of a single universal language and script, Aramaic".
Which logic is that? Trying to drag us to accept the idea of a powerful Empire would threw her script and language for the sake of an invaded "minority"?? Where did the history show us giant civilization with so great achievements had done that??
The so-called Aramaic was Ashurian dialect, and naturally was developed and script by Ashurians themselves.(5A)"...an Assyrian dialect, called Aramaic". (16)"The Arameans cannot be separated from the Assyrians. They were but a tribe of the Assyrians who lived upon a high plateau".

Aramaic never meant to describe a nationality. There was no such Aramaic nationality in history.
"We have historical evidences stated that the Ashurian language belong to age of 10,000 (Ten Thousands) years" It was the first language ever known by humanity on Earth!! (17)"No nation, ancient or modern, can trace its antiquity farther into the past, that of Assyria. Her recorded history can easily be read upon her tablets millennia before Christ, and her language to that of Adam and Eve".


Some Ashurian great achievements

Ashurians were the most educated nation at that ancient ages, the best thing that other nations had done was learning and copying ashurian culture, many facts could be stated here and are not limited to:


(18)The day 24 hours, 60 minutes per hour,60 seconds per minute, that's an Assyrian achievement.

(19) 7 days a week..That's an Assyrian achievement.

(20) days of the week are an exact translation of Assyrian names.

(21) still calculation of the circle is based on 360 degrees.. that's an Assyrian achievement.
Measuring curves and angles are in a degree measurment!! no one dare to change the 360 degree to 100 or 1000 degrees and all the geometry and engineering sciences were based on those facts which were an Assyrian achievement.

(22)Horoscope/stellar chart to predict future. Scientists before 100-200 years were thinking that such science related to Astronomy. The astronomy science had born in Assyria.

(23)monothesim "one God". The ancient Assyrian spiritual heritage was monothesim, believed in mighty God.

(24)Knitting and Embroidery were invented by Assyrians.

(25)The method of playing guitar with 5 fingers as spanish musicians do, is an ancient Assyrian method.

Harp, trumpet, Aoud, Jowza, Naay (flute), Qanoon, Santour and drum are Assyrian instruments. Western instruments like Guitar, drums, flute, piano, violin, spanish guitar and arabic instruments all those musical instruments were developed based on Ashurian ones.


(26) the word love and heart as a centre for romance was first created in ancient Assyrian songs before 3400 years as was discovered in an archeological mission revealed it's secrets by university of California in 1975.Assyrians were playing 2 tunes per one time to play their musical harmonies.. and they who invented the 7 musical scales of western style not as was mistakenly known had done by ancient Greeks at 400 B.C.

(27) invention of clocks was Assyrian one, and ancient Greeks took it and learned it through their trading communication with Assyria.

(28)"even Greece and Rome were civilized through the medium of the Assyrian alphabet and language".


--------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------
* (ASHURIANS)
We, who should state our name in Ashurian language and let others to call us accordingly, Eventually, we are ASHURAYEH not Assyrians! If we want to say it in English let it be ASHURIANS.


(1)(2)(4)(4A)(5)(5A)(7)(8)(13)(16)(17)(28)
professor Researcher Fred Tamimi/The Assyrian - Journal of the Assyrian Society of Great Britain
Vol.1/ No.17 winter 1969.

(6)(10)(10A)(12)(14)(15)
Assyrians after Assyria for Assyriologist Simo Parpola

(3A)(3B)
The Bible Daniel 2:2, 2:10

(3)(9)
1979/ Joan Otis -Babylon- Arabic translated by Samir Alchalaby 1990

(11)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(26)(27)
Professor Costantin Matveve/The ancient Mesopotamia Civilization 1986-Moscow

(25)
an research for Iraqi Musician Naseer Shammeh


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Albert Nasser
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Assyria \ã-'sir-é-ä\ n (1998)   1:  an ancient empire of Ashur   2:  a democratic state in Bet-Nahren, Assyria (northern Iraq, northwestern Iran, southeastern Turkey and eastern Syria.)   3:  a democratic state that fosters the social and political rights to all of its inhabitants irrespective of their religion, race, or gender   4:  a democratic state that believes in the freedom of religion, conscience, language, education and culture in faithfulness to the principles of the United Nations Charter — Atour synonym

Ethnicity, Religion, Language
» Israeli, Jewish, Hebrew
» Assyrian, Christian, Aramaic
» Saudi Arabian, Muslim, Arabic
Assyrian \ã-'sir-é-an\ adj or n (1998)   1:  descendants of the ancient empire of Ashur   2:  the Assyrians, although representing but one single nation as the direct heirs of the ancient Assyrian Empire, are now doctrinally divided, inter sese, into five principle ecclesiastically designated religious sects with their corresponding hierarchies and distinct church governments, namely, Church of the East, Chaldean, Maronite, Syriac Orthodox and Syriac Catholic.  These formal divisions had their origin in the 5th century of the Christian Era.  No one can coherently understand the Assyrians as a whole until he can distinguish that which is religion or church from that which is nation -- a matter which is particularly difficult for the people from the western world to understand; for in the East, by force of circumstances beyond their control, religion has been made, from time immemorial, virtually into a criterion of nationality.   3:  the Assyrians have been referred to as Aramaean, Aramaye, Ashuraya, Ashureen, Ashuri, Ashuroyo, Assyrio-Chaldean, Aturaya, Chaldean, Chaldo, ChaldoAssyrian, ChaldoAssyrio, Jacobite, Kaldany, Kaldu, Kasdu, Malabar, Maronite, Maronaya, Nestorian, Nestornaye, Oromoye, Suraya, Syriac, Syrian, Syriani, Suryoye, Suryoyo and Telkeffee. — Assyrianism verb

Aramaic \ar-é-'máik\ n (1998)   1:  a Semitic language which became the lingua franca of the Middle East during the ancient Assyrian empire.   2:  has been referred to as Neo-Aramaic, Neo-Syriac, Classical Syriac, Syriac, Suryoyo, Swadaya and Turoyo.

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